[42] Men who act the roles of women also add a false top knot to their left and decorate it in a style common to the region. History of Kathakali: of art, agency, and aesthetics 16 Safwan Amir moves through a linear history of Kathakali, dealing with its in- ception, influences, patronage and participation. [57] The late 17th century Unnayi Variyar, in his short life, produced four plays which are traditionally considered the most expressive of the Kathakali playwrights. It originated in the Southern Indian state of Kerala during the late 16th century, approximately between 1555 to 1605 AD. [24] Krishnanattam is dance-drama art form about the life and activities of Hindu god Krishna, that developed under the sponsorship of Sri Manavedan Raja, the ruler of Calicut (1585-1658 AD). Kathakali, is an efflorescent art form of Kerala. Its roots are unclear but it’s started around 17thcentury back and its roots are developed in the temple and it comes from krishnatham that is also a dance form what are totally dedicated to lord Krishna survival activities which is created around 1585-1658 AD by mr zamorian who is also from Calicut(Kozhikode) the city of Kerala. These two forms of dance, along with Kathakali, dealt with presentation of the stories of Hindu Gods Rama and Krishna. History of Kathak has been a debatable issue as it was the style which evolved gradually during the course of several centuries, imbibing diverse influences. [69] In modern times, professional schools train students of Kathakali, with some such as those in Trivandrum Margi school emphasizing a single teacher for various courses, while others such as the Kerala Kalamandalam school wherein students learn subjects from different teachers. As many as 150 Kathakali dancers created history in a rare performance combining the well-defined 'mudras" of the classical dance-drama with the time-tested 'asanas" of meditation for the first time in the history of the art form. History of Kathakali Dance. [10][34][35] It typically takes several evening hours to prepare a Kathakali troupe to get ready for a play. Kathakali is a group presentation, in which dancers take various roles in performances traditionally based on themes from Hindu mythology, especially the two epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. The classification is based upon the rhythm and meter of the songs; and the costume, adornments and dance. The ancient tradition has been continuing from old tradition to the modern period. [56] Of these, about four dozen are most actively performed. Kathakali is one of the oldest theatre forms in the world. Kathakali translates to mean “a story play”. Media related to Kathakali at Wikimedia Commons, Links to older performance arts: Kutiyattam and Krishnanattam. Kathakali evolved from earlier temple art forms in the 17th century, is based on Hinduism and is a highly charged powerful drama that combines devotion, drama, dance, music, costumes and make-up to produce one of the most impressive forms of sacred theatre in the world. [4][28], Of all classical Indian dances, Kathakali has the most elaborate costuming consisting of head dresses, face masks and vividly painted faces. The dance is performed at midnight by the housewives and young grown-up women of the house. Thus, a traveller is bound to experience a variety of changes that are both interesting and inquisitive in this country where the landscape changes every few kilometres, especially if it is God’s Own Country, Kerala. They typically deal with the Mahabarat, the Ramayana and the ancient scriptures known as the Puranas. Kathakali is one of the oldest theatre forms in the world. For an Indian dancer, costume is almost as crucial as the dance itself to achieving a great performance. While the other forms remained relatively unknown, Kathakali reached a broad audience and achieved that status of a widely-recognized national treasure. [18], The roots of Kathakalī are unclear. Their history as Kathak dancers have been erased in modern India Pallabi Chakravorty. It originated in the area of southwestern India now known as the state of Kerala. If such were the conditions in which Kathakali emerged as an art form, it is more than obvious to ask whether such oppositions still exist. This book tells the story of teaching Kathakali, a seventeenth century Indian dance-drama, to contemporary performers in Australia. The stage with seating typically in open grounds outside a temple, but in some places, special theatres called Kuttampalam built inside the temple compounds have been in use. It is said to be one of the most difficult styles to execute on stage, with young artists preparing for their roles for several years before they get a chance to do it on stage. The word "attam" means enactment. History of Kathakali Kathakali o… There are many points that should be focus. Kathak, one of the main forms of classical dance-drama of India, other major ones being bharata natyam, kathakali, manipuri, kuchipudi, and odissi. What is ‘Kalyanasougandhikam’? [54], Music is central to a Kathakali performance. This resulted in Raja of Kottarakkara's writing the Ramanattam, a series of eight plays about Rama. The origin of Kathakali is attributed to the Zamorin of Calicut in the 17th Century. [65], The Kalluvazhi style is second of the two, which developed in Palakkad (Olappamanna Mana) in central Kerala,[66] and it is a synthesis of the older Kaplingadan and Kalladikkotan performance arts. Easy Tips 35,253 views [41] Kari (black) is the code for forest dwellers, hunters, and middle ground character. Kathakali is a traditional, classical dance hailing from the South Indian state of Kerala. Part-dance and part-mime, Kathakali originated in the state of Kerala between the 16th and 17th centuries, around the same time as Shakespeare. Kathakali means 'Story Dance' and it emanated in the 16 th century being inspired from Koodiyattam. [54] It also sets the rhythm to which the actor-dancers perform the choreography and scenes. Kathak uses the stage space more, and does not typically include separate vocalists. much earlier to the introduction of Raamanaattam. The fully developed style of Kathakalī originated around the 17th century, but its roots are in the temple and folk arts (such as krishnanattam and religious drama of the southwestern Indian peninsula), which are traceable to at least the 1st millennium CE. It is a stylised art form, the four aspects of abhinaya - angika, aharya,vachika, satvika and the nritta, nritya and natya aspects are combined perfectly. [31][32], A Kathakalī repertoire is an operatic performance where an ancient story is playfully dramatized. This classical dance style of Kerala traces its origin back to the 17th century. [55], Over five hundred Kathakalī plays (Aattakatha) exist, most of which were written before the 20th century. Kathakali, is an efflorescent art form of Kerala. There are certain evidences that claim that this form of Indian classical dance is four centuries old. Both dance forms trace their roots to classical Sanskrit texts, but Kathakali has relatively more recent origins, more closely follows the Hastha Lakshanadeepika text and began flourishing in the 16th century. [41] Teppu is for special characters found in Hindu mythologies, such as Garuda, Jatayu and Hamsa who act as messengers or carriers, but do not fit the other categories. In both traditions, the performance happens in the front of a huge Kalivilakku with its thick wick sunk in coconut oil, burning with a yellow light. The nine Navarasas express nine Bhava (emotions) in Kathakali as follows: Sringara expresses Rati (love, pleasure, delight), Hasya expresses Hasa (comic, laugh, mocking), Karuna expresses Shoka (pathetic, sad), Raudra expresses Krodha (anger, fury), Vira expresses Utsaha (vigor, enthusiasm, heroic), Bhayanaka expresses Bhaya (fear, concern, worry), Bibhatsa expresses Jugupsa (disgust, repulsive), Adbhuta expresses Vismaya (wondrous, marvel, curious) and Shanta expresses Sama (peace, tranquility). History & Evolution. Kathakali is a dance-drama(dance play), that is practised, performed and widely associated with God’s Own Country—Kerala in India. However, Kathakali differs in that it also incorporates movements from ancient Indian martial arts and athletic traditions of South India. [53] The vocalists not only deliver the lines, but help set the context and express the inner state of the character by modulating their voice. The kathakali is attributed to sage Bharata, and its first complete compilation is dated to between 200 BCE and 200 CE, but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE. Origin and History of Kathakali Kathakali evolved from earlier temple art forms in the 17th century, is based on Hinduism and is a highly charged powerful drama that combines devotion, drama, dance, music, costumes and make up to produce one of the most impressive forms of sacred theatre in the world. Kathakali originated from a precursor dance-drama form called Ramanattam and owes it share of techniques also to Krishnanattam.The word "attam" means enactment. Kathakali is thought to have originated from pioneer dance-drama forms - Ramanattam and Krishnanattam. Popular belief is that Kathakali is emerged from "Krishananattam", the dance drama on the life and activities of Lord Krishna created by the Zamorin of Calicut. Due to the political rivalry, Zamorin did not allow this… Typically, his four plays are performed on four nights, and they relate to the mythical Hindu love story of Nala and Damayanti. [44] There are three Guṇas, according to this philosophy, that have always been and continue to be present in all things and beings in the world. These two forms of dance, along with Kathakali, dealt with presentation of the stories of Hindu Gods Rama and Krishna. Kathakali Dance (source: pinterest) At the same time, each dance form has its own types of body movements and poses. The kathakali is attributed to sage Bharata, and its first complete compilation is dated to between 200 BCE and 200 CE, but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE.. [23] The designs of these theatres usually matched the dimensions and architecture recommended as "ideal" in the ancient Natya Shastra, and some of them could house 500 viewers. He was a devotee of Lord Krishna; who wrote plays known as Krishnatam. It is presumed that the first complete version of the text was completed between 200 BCE to 200 CE, but some sources mention the timeframe to be around 500 BCE and 500 CE. [30] These Attakatha texts grant considerable flexibility to the actors to improvise. Origin and History of Kathakali. [23], Krishnanattam is the likely immediate precursor of Kathakalī, states Zarrilli. If such were the conditions in which Kathakali emerged as an art form, it is more than obvious to ask whether such oppositions still exist. Kathakali evolved from earlier temple art forms in the 17th century, is based on Hinduism and is a highly charged powerful drama that combines devotion, drama, dance, music, costumes and make-up to produce one of the most impressive forms of sacred theatre in the world. Kathakali follows the Hastha Lakshanadeepika most closely, unlike other classical dances of India. [19] The roots of Kathakalī, states Mahinder Singh, are more ancient and some 1500 years old. Brief History of Kathakali. It originated in the Southern Indian state of Kerala during the late 16th century, approximately between 1555 to 1605 AD. Origin and History. [24], Kathakalī is structured around plays called Attakatha (literally, "enacted story"[3]), written in Sanskritized Malayalam. [79][80], Kabuki, another Japanese art form, has similarities to Kathakali. [63][64], The Kidangoor style is one of the two, that developed in Travancore, and it is strongly influenced by Kutiyattam, while also drawing elements of Ramanattam and Kalladikkotan. [63], [67] Kathakali has traditionally been an art that has continued from one generation to the next through a guru-disciples (gurukkula[68]) based training system. (2008). [9][74] Kathak traditionally has included female actor-dancers, unlike Kathakali which has traditionally been performed by an all-male troupe. [20], According to Farley Richmond and other scholars, Kathakali shares many elements such as costumes with ancient Indian performance arts such as Kutiyattam (classical Sanskrit drama) and medieval era Krishnanattam, even though a detailed examination shows differences. Kathakali is a form of Indian dance-drama. Some major musical patterns, according to Clifford and Betty, that go with the moods and content of the scene are: Chempada (most common and default that applies to a range of moods, in battles and fights between good and evil, also to conclude a scene); Chempa music (depict tension, dispute, disagreement between lovers or competing ideas); Panchari (for odious, preparatory such as sharpening a sword); Triputa (thought-provoking, scenes involving sages and teachers); Adantha (scenes involving kings or divine beings); Muri Adantha musical style (for comic, light-hearted, or fast-moving scenes involving heroic or anger-driven activity). [65] It is traditionally attributed to Nalanunni, under the patronage of Utram Tirunal Maharaja (1815-1861). The repertoire includes a series of performances. [57], A tradition Kathakalī play typically consists of two interconnected parts, the third-person Shlokas and first-person Padams. The themes of the Kathakali are religious in nature. Usually, the themes revolve around the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. History. [10][49] There are nine facial expressions called Navarasas, which each actor masters through facial muscle control during his education, in order to express the emotional state of the character in the play. [33], The stage is mostly bare, or with a few drama-related items. Mohiniattam or Mohiniyattam is an Indian classical dance form that evolved in the state of Kerala, India, and is counted among the two popular dance arts of the state, the other being Kathakali. [28] Traditionally, a Kathakali performance is long, starting at dusk and continuing through dawn, with interludes and breaks for the performers and audience. There are three different types of Thullal. [28][30] These plays are written in a particular format that helps identify the "action" and the "dialogue" parts of the performance. It has been described as a true representation of the artistic traditions of India and one of the most magnificent theatres of the imagination. [59] Modern productions have extracted parts of these legendary plays, to be typically performed within 3 to 4 hours. [42] Vella Thadi (white beard) represents a divine being, someone with virtuous inner state and consciousness such as Hanuman. [33], The performance involves actor-dancers in the front, supported by musicians in the background stage on right (audience's left) and with vocalists in the front of the stage (historically so they could be heard by the audience before the age of microphone and speakers). Kathakalī employs several methods: 1) direct without special effects or curtain; 2) through the audience, a method that engages the audience, led by torchbearers since Kathakalī is typically a night performance; 3) tease and suspense called nokku or thirasheela or tiranokku, where the character is slowly revealed by the use of a curtain. [51] Thodayam is performed behind a curtain and without all the costumes, while Purappadu is performed without the curtain and in full costumes. Kathakali dance form is one of the oldest theater forms in … [57] These plays are sophisticated literary works, states Zarrilli, and only five authors have written more than two plays. The elaborate costumes of Kathakalihave become the most re­cog­nised icon for Kerala. The inception of Kalamandalam gave a second life to three major classical dance performing arts of Kerala as Kathakali, Kudiyattam and Mohiniyattam were, by the turn of the 20th century, facing the threat of extinction under various regulations of the colonial authorities. Classical Dances of Kerala are popular throughout the world for their grace and richness. The word Kathakali literally means "Story-Play". Kathakali was originated in the 17th century and has its roots in Hindu mythology. History. [70], Kathakalī is still hugely male-dominated, but since the 1970s, women have made entry into the art form on a recognisable scale. The term Kathakali is a combination of two Malayalam words "katha" (meaning story) and "kali"(meaning play). The actors speak a "sign language", where the word part of the character's dialogue is expressed through "hand signs (mudras)", while emotions and mood is expressed through "facial and eye" movements. Kathakali (literally, story play), the spectacular classical dance drama of Kerala based on the guidelines laid by Sage Bharatha's Natya Sastra, the ancient treatise on dance and drama, is over 500 years old. Kathakali is thought to have originated from pioneer dance-drama forms - Ramanattam and Krishnanattam. Both deploy a host of similar traditional Indian musical instruments. The gender exclusivity is one of the significant differences between Kathakalī and other classical Indian dances which either included or favored female actor-dancers. ABOUT KATHAKALI – KATHAKALI HISTORY. [10][39] Pachcha (green) with lips painted brilliant coral red portrays noble characters and sages such as Krishna, Vishnu, Rama, Yudhishthira, Arjuna, Nala and philosopher-kings. [3] A Padam consists of three parts: a Pallavi (refrain), Anupallavi (subrefrain) and Charanam (foot), all of which are set to one of the ancient Ragas (musical mode), based on the mood and context as outlined in ancient Sanskrit texts such as the Natya Shastra. [45] These three Guṇas are sattva (goodness, constructive, harmonious, virtuous), rajas (passion, aimless action, dynamic, egoistic), and tamas (darkness, destructive, chaotic, viciousness). [40], Thaadi (red) is the code for someone with an evil streak such as Dushasana and Hiranyakashipu. Kathakali is based on religious themes. However, others such as the Prahlada Charitham have been composed so that they can be performed within four hours. The performance was restricted … It sets the mood and triggers emotions resonant with the nature of the scene. [24] Kathakali also expanded the performance repertoire, style and standardized the costume making it easier for the audience to understand the various performances and new plays. [50], A Kathakalī performance typically starts with artists tuning their instruments and warming up with beats, signalling to the arriving audience that the artists are getting ready and the preparations are on. Brief History of Kathakali . Kathak, one of the main forms of classical dance-drama of India, other major ones being bharata natyam, kathakali, manipuri, kuchipudi, and odissi. [3][5], There are 24 main mudras, and numerous more minor ones in Kathakali. The history of Kathakali’s evolution shows how the vocal element has shifted from the actors to individual singers to make the acting and physical movements effortless. So Kottarakkara Thampuran created another art form based on Krishnanattam, called it Ramanattam because the early plays were based on the Hindu epic Ramayana, which over time diversified beyond Ramayana and became popular as 'Kathakali'. James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. [25] Kathakali also incorporates several elements from other traditional and ritualistic art forms like Mudiyettu, Theyyam and Padayani besides folk arts such as Porattu Nadakam that shares ideas with the Tamil Therukoothu tradition. It was penned by KottayathuThampuran in eighteen century. [3][30] The Pada part contains the dialogue part. Kathakali evolved from earlier temple art forms in the 17th century, is based on Hinduism and is a highly charged powerful drama that combines devotion, drama, dance, music, costumes and make up to produce one of the most impressive forms of sacred theatre in the world. Some characters have a green face (representing heroic or excellence as a warrior) with red dots or lines on their cheeks or red-coloured moustache or red-streaked beard (representing evil inner nature), while others have a full face and beard coloured red, the latter implying excessively evil characters. Know the history of Kathakali dance. History & Culture ; Published 20th January, 2021 ; Context ‘Kalyanasougandhikam’ brought alive the blend of elements unique to a Kathakali play. It is indigenous to southwestern India, particularly the state of Kerala, and is based on subject matter from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and stories from Shaiva literature. Recent productions have adapted stories from other cultures and mythologies, such as those of Miguel de Cervantes,[61] Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and William Shakespeare. History & Evolution The roots of this dance form trace back to Sanskrit Hindu text on performing arts called ‘Natya Shastra’ written by ancient Indian theatrologist and musicologist Bharata Muni. History. [8][62], Kathakalī has lineages or distinctive schools of play interpretation and dance performance called Sampradayam. The centre describes the early history of Kathakali: “Elements of the art of Kathakali are found in the ancient ritual plays of Hindu temples and various dance forms that are believed to have been gradually developed in Kerala from as early as the 2nd Century until the end of the 16th Century. Essentially it originated in South India, in the region which today forms the state of Kerela. "If Kathakali training is now a module, alongside other subjects like English and History, it means the art form is being diluted. Kathak is characterized by intricate footwork and precise rhythmic patterns that the dancer articulates by controlling about 100 ankle bells. [7] The vocal performance has traditionally been performed in Sanskritised Malayalam. [24], The makeup follows an accepted code, that helps the audience easily identify the archetypal characters such as gods, goddesses, demons, demonesses, saints, animals and characters of a story. Minukka (radiant, shining) with a warm yellow, orange or saffron typifies noble, virtuous feminine characters such as Sita, Panchali and Mohini. History of Kathakali Kathakali o… Know the History of Kathakali Dance: Over 2000 years back, Muni Bharata wrote the Natya Shastra (The Science of Acting), which turned into the academic standard for classical dance, theatre, music, get-ups, make up and the visual arts of India. History. [33] Traditionally, before the advent of electricity, this special large lamp provided light during the night. It is believed that Kathakali originated from "Krishnanattam" a dance form dedicated to Lord Krishna life and activities which was created by Zamorian of calicut Sri Manavedan Raja during 1585-1658 AD, Once Kottarakkara Thampuran, the Raja of Kottarakkara who was attracted by Krishnanattam requested the Zamorin for the loan of a troupe of performers. This book tells the story of teaching Kathakali, a seventeenth century Indian dance-drama, to contemporary performers in Australia. Elements of the art of Kathakali are found in the ancient ritual plays of Hindu temples and various dance forms that are believed to have been gradually developed in Kerala from as early as the 2 nd century until the end of the 16 th century.

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