Eastern Europe is a shatterbelt because it contains numerous impoverished, underdeveloped, and weak states sandwiched between the powerful global rivals of Russia and the West (western Europe and the US). Study now. What country in the Horn of Africa hosts several military bases of global rivals? . The Verkhoyansk Range was extensively glaciated in the Pleistocene, but the climate was too dry for glaciation to extend to low elevations. "Probable asteroidal origin of the Tunguska Cosmic Body" (PDF). By far the most commonly occurring climate in Siberia is continental subarctic (Koppen Dfc or Dwc), with the annual average temperature about 5C (23F) and an average for January of 25C (13F) and an average for July of +17C (63F),[50] although this varies considerably, with a July average about 10C (50F) in the taigatundra ecotone. an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government-like in a Communist govt. [32][33], The first great modern change in Siberia was the Trans-Siberian Railway, constructed during 18911916. It is therefore a shatterbelt region. N. Shakhova, I. Semiletov, A. Salyuk, D. Kosmach, and N. Bel'cheva (2007), Last edited on 28 February 2023, at 01:58, Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Map of the most populated area of Siberia, Comparison of the nine biggest Siberian cities' growth in the 20th century, 201516 Russian Bandy Super League season, " 1 2023 . Autonomous republics. Most scientists believe this resulted from the air burst of a meteor or a comet. Based on historical data, the company has assessed the following probability distribution for the proportion of defective faucets it receives from this supplier: This supplier charges Rossmore Brothers, Inc., 29.00perunitforthisfaucet.Althoughthesupplierwillreplaceanydefectsfreeofcharge,Rossmoremanagersfigurethecostofdealingwiththedefectsisabout29.00 per unit for this faucet. Is there something about the geography of these "shatterbelts" that make them prone to cycles of collapse and rebirth, at times dragging the entire world into war? illuminated by the "shatterbelt" paradigm familiar to students of world history. -The Balkans are partly classified as a shatterbelt, but the bulk of their area is now within NATO, -The map scale used does not permit an accurate visual assessment of relative land areas of each shatterbelt or outside players. Exile was the main Russian punitive practice with more than 800,000 people exiled during the nineteenth century. During the late 16th and 17th centuries, Russian trappers and fur traders and Cossack explorers penetrated throughout Siberia to the Bering Sea. [47]:244 The Yaraktin Oil Field was discovered in 1971, producing from the Vendian Yaraktin Horizon at depths of up to 1,750 metres (5,740ft), which lies below Permian to Lower Jurassic basalt traps. Indeed, the Middle East lies on the world's largest "shatter belt" - an area described felicitously by American geographer Saul Cohen as the region of contact between the world's great sea and land powers. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. The population of Siberia remains sparse, is chiefly concentrated in the west and south, is more than half urban, and is overwhelmingly Russian in ethnic character. Traditionally in Russia's sphere, Ukraine has moved politically and culturally westward as membership in the NATO alliance has moved eastward from Western Europe, threatening Russia's sphere of influence. Historically, the term Siberia includes all Russian territory in north Asia, with the Urals and the Russian Far East; this article however only covers the Siberian Federal District. [94] Of the indigenous Siberians, the Mongol-speaking Buryats, numbering approximately 500,000, are the most numerous group in Siberia, and they are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the Buryat Republic. Gold. Post-Cold War episodes of violence included major and minor wars (e.g., Chechnya, Daghestan, South Ossetia); the current central conflict is between Armenia and Azerbaijan. A. The Russians generally did not interfere with their internal institutions and way of life, and most of the native inhabitants eventually became nominal Christians. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. This is a shatterbelt region because there was a conflict between the democratic West and communist Asia. for only $11.00 $9.35/page. Many cities in northern Siberia, such as Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, cannot be reached by road, as there are virtually none connecting from other major cities in Russia or Asia. Siberia is the region making up nearly all of Northern Asia. - a complex ethnic/cultural mosaic. The smallest of the four regions is the Baikal area, which is centred on Lake Baikal in the south-central part of Siberia. This definition excludes Sverdlovsk Oblast and Chelyabinsk Oblast, both of which are included in some wider definitions of Siberia. The highest point in Siberia is the active volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka, on the Kamchatka Peninsula. temperate steppe The Afanasievo and Tashtyk cultures of the Yenisey valley and Altay Mountains are associated with the Indo-European migrations across Eurasia. [47]:243 The Sredne-Botuobin Gas Field was discovered in 1970, producing from the Osa and the Proterozoic Parfenovo Horizon. The West Siberian Plain, consisting mostly of Cenozoic alluvial deposits, is somewhat flat. North Korea-South Korea. Only the extreme northwest was glaciated during the Quaternary, but almost all is under exceptionally deep permafrost, and the only tree that can thrive, despite the warm summers, is the deciduous Siberian Larch (Larix sibirica) with its very shallow roots. came largely from southern and eastern Europe. Historically, Siberia was defined as the whole part of Russia and North Kazakhstan to the east of Ural Mountains, including the Russian Far East. Sign up to highlight and take notes. Q. Owing to their localized geography or their locations on islands or peninsulas, many small political entities such as those labeled on the political map of the world can be identified as: answer choices. [2][4] The central part of Siberia (West and East Siberian economic regions) was considered the core part of the region in the Soviet Union. Slavic-origin Russians outnumber all of the indigenous peoples combined, except in the Republics of Tuva and Sakha. Photo Gallery.Birds of Siberia", "Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta). . Gerardus Mercator, in a map published in 1595, marks Sibier both as the name of a settlement and of the surrounding territory along a left tributary of the Ob. Many Gulag camps operated in extremely remote areas of northeastern Siberia. Green areas are Gagauzia and Transnistria, both politically close to Russia, and the latter a breakaway republic. What is a shatterbelt region? Five groups were drawn to parallel shatterbelts of East Europe, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, East Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa, as recognized by previous authors. Oil is the primary natural resource of global importance; freshwater is the most important local resource. - attracts interests of world powers. Everything you need for your studies in one place. Siberia, Russian Sibir, vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan, constituting all of northern Asia. [20] Ukraine is a classic shatterbelt component as it is trapped between the geostrategic interests of major rivals. Forced-labour camps spread throughout Siberia during the 1930s, the most important being the camp complexes in the extreme northeast and along the lower Yenisey River, whose inmates were used mostly in mining operations. In 2007 Kemerovo got Russia's first indoor arena specifically built for bandy. tundra With the decline of the fur trade, the mining of silver and other metals became the main economic activity in Siberia in the 18th century. It is made up of the central and eastern portions of Russia and it encompasses the area from the Ural Mountains east to the Pacific Ocean.It also extends from the Arctic Ocean south to northern Kazakhstan and the borders of Mongolia and China.In total Siberia covers 5.1 million square miles (13.1 million sq km) or 77% of Russia's . Even though no crater has ever been found, the landscape in the (sparsely inhabited) area still bears the scars of this event. Why are shatterbelt countries referred to as "powder kegs"? Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). At first the areas Russian rulers collected tribute, which was paid by the native inhabitants in furs as it had been paid to the Mongols. Siberia Siberia, Russian Sibir, vast region of Russia and northern Kazakhstan, constituting all of northern Asia. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. It sits at a nexus of world trade and contains hundreds of Christian, Muslim, and animist ethnic groups. Other sources may use either a somewhat wider definition that states the Pacific coast, not the watershed, is the eastern boundary (thus including the whole Russian Far East), as well as all Northern Kazakhstan is its subregion in the south-west[2] or a somewhat narrower one that limits Siberia to the Siberian Federal District (thus excluding all subjects of other districts). Present-day Novosibirsk is an important business, science, manufacturing and cultural center of the Asian part of Russia. a- eastern europe. Early 20th-century geographers such as Richard Hartshorne didn't miss the fact that the Balkans (southeastern Europe) were a perpetual powderkeg. The volcanic event is said[by whom?] It appears to be on the verge of collapse due to multiple civil wars ongoing in Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia. He suggests that the name might be a combination of two words with Turkic origin, "su" (water) and "bir" (wild land). The climate becomes increasingly harsh eastward, while precipitation also diminishes. A massive eruptive period approximately coincided with the PermianTriassic extinction event. Romania-Ukraine. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Assuming that Rossmore Brothers is planning to purchase 2,000 of these faucets from the supplier, what is the total expected cost to Rossmore Brothers for the deal? The river Yenisey divides Siberia into two parts, Western and Eastern. The Lena-Tunguska petroleum province includes the Central Siberian platform (some authors refer to it as the "Eastern Siberian platform"), bounded on the northeast and east by the Late Carboniferous through Jurassic Verkhoyansk foldbelt, on the northwest by the Paleozoic Taymr foldbelt, and on the southeast, south and southwest by the Middle Silurian to Middle Devonian Baykalian foldbelt. The Yenisey Krasnoyarsk basketball team has played in the VTB United League since 201112. By this definition, Siberia includes the federal subjects of the Siberian Federal District, and some of the Ural Federal District, as well as Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, which is a part of the Far Eastern Federal District. Cities that are located far from the railway are reached by air or by the separate BaikalAmur Railway (BAM). In all of these regions major world powers versus . Geostrategic locations: these regions straddle globally critical trade routes, meaning if conflict happens, the world economy can be harmed by the choking off flows of goods and people (. Remote parts of Siberia are too costly to connect to central electricity and gas grids, and have therefore historically been supplied with costly diesel, sometimes flown in by helicopter. Another seven to eight million people were internally deported to remote areas of the Soviet Union (including entire nationalities or ethnicities in several cases). Specimens of Goldfuss cave lion cubs, Yuka the mammoth and another woolly mammoth from Oymyakon, a woolly rhinoceros from the Kolyma, and bison and horses from Yukagir have been found. Iran, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia are the major regional powers. Photo Gallery.Birds of Siberia", "Black-billed Capercaillie (Tetrao urogalloides). They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Siberia also contains the (Russian) republics of Sakha (Yakutia), Buryatia, Altay, Khakasiya, and Tyva (Tuva). Soviet-era sources (Great Soviet Encyclopedia and others)[4] and modern Russian ones[73] usually define Siberia as a region extending eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of both Mongolia and China. Southwesterly winds bring warm air from Central Asia and the Middle East. Almost all the population lives in the south, along the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway. We will write a custom Essay on Geopolitics: The Middle East Shatterbelt specifically for you. - history of local conflicts. False. Omsk played an important role in the Russian Civil War serving as a provisional Russian capital, as well in the expansion into and governing of Central Asia. Traditionally, Siberia extends eastwards from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and includes most of the drainage basin of the Arctic Ocean. The worldviews and interests of the country's main ethnic groups (Hazara, Pashtun, Uzbek, and Tajik) have not been reconciled in over 50 years. Political geographers have debated what preconditions are needed for the instability of shatterbelts. But summer temperatures in other regions can reach +38C (100F). According to the 2002 census there are 500,000 Tatars in Siberia, but of these, 300,000 are Volga Tatars who also settled in Siberia during periods of colonization and are thus also non-indigenous Siberians, in contrast to the 200,000 Siberian Tatars which are indigenous to Siberia. what 2 types of water treatment have in common? These mountains extend up to almost 3,000 metres (9,800ft), but above a few hundred metres they are almost completely devoid of vegetation. Siberia falls into four major geographic regions, all of great extent. 220-180 B.C. Have all your study materials in one place. Wiki User. The region itself, an ethnic and cultural shatterbelt, where the Cold War was hot and where revolutionary struggles ended decades of colonialism, should excite our interest. Explain Due Process Rights Explain the importance of due process rights to the protection of individual rights. The buffer areas between major culture regions seem particularly susceptible to the formation and maintenance of shatterbelts that are activated (e.g., collapse into wars) by tectonic shifts in the geopolitical landscape. However, based on its investigations, Rossmore Brothers has assessed the following probability distribution for the proportion of defective faucets that will be delivered by the new supplier: Assuming that the defect cost is still$ 5.00 each and based on the total expected cost for an order of 2,000 faucets, should Rossmore buy from the new supplier or stick with its original supplier? The total area of Siberia in the wider sense is about 5,207,900 square miles (13,488,500 square km); in the narrower Russian definition the area is 2,529,000 square miles (6,550,000 square km), consisting of two economic planning regions, Eastern and Western Siberia. These three tiny countries are the geopolitical tinderbox of the Balkans. The best-known clusters included Sevvostlag (the North-East Camps) along the Kolyma and Norillag near Norilsk, where 69,000 prisoners lived in 1952. Decide whether each of the following statements makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make sense (or is clearly false). Many culturally diverse states are strong; they tend to be those that are well-governed, regardless of their level of socioeconomic development. [82], In 2020 the gross regional product of Siberia was 26.7trillion or around US$400 billion.[83]. Long-term shatterbelts seem to suffer from such a level of inter-ethnic hostility that even the end of drawn-out conflicts, economic development, and evolution of stable and mature political systems aren't enough to keep these areas from shattering again and again. This mid- to late-Pleistocene lake blocked the northward flow of the Ob and Yenisey rivers, resulting in a redirection southwest into the Caspian and Aral seas via the Turgai Valley. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. It had extensive international borders with China (998 km) and Mongolia (868 km) and internal borders with Irkutsk and Amur Oblasts, as well as with the republics of Buryatia and Yakutia. Turkic-speaking Yakut migrated north from the Lake Baikal region under pressure from the Mongol tribes during the 13th to 15th century. Modern farming methods were introduced into southern Siberia to grow cereal grains and produce dairy products, and coal mining was also started in several locations. Ethnic divisions come into play, with frayed relationships between Jews, Arabs, Kurds, Turkic peoples, Iranians, and even within various Arab clans and ethnic nations. B) periphery. A. J.-C.-100 apr. A region that historically is caught between stronger colliding external forces. Photo Gallery.Birds of Siberia", "Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus). Elsewhere food production, owing to the poor fertility of the podzolic soils and the extremely short growing seasons, is restricted to the herding of reindeer in the tundrawhich has been practiced by natives for over 10,000 years. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. [34] Between 1859 and 1917 more than half a million people migrated to the Russian Far East. a country that appears to be independent, but is under heavy political and economic influence or control by another country; used mainly to refer to Central and Eastern European countries of the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War. Its peak reaches 4,750 metres (15,580ft). The term 'Balkan' has been derived from a Turkish word that refers to a "chain of . Siberia's name comes from the Tatar word for "sleeping land".It is one of the largest landmasses in the world, comprising about 9% of the entire world's dry landmass. a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals. As a result, the Korean Wars (to prevent NK from becoming a communist State) and the Vietnam War occurred. Evidence of Paleolithic settlement is abundant in southern Siberia, which, after participating in the Bronze Age, came under Chinese (from 1000 bce) and then under Turkic-Mongol (3rd century bce) influence. Wiki User. The Sea of Okhotsk is one of the two or three richest fisheries in the world owing to its cold currents and very large tidal ranges, and thus Siberia produces over 10% of the world's annual fish catch, although fishing has declined somewhat since the collapse of the USSR in 1991. Beyond the core, Siberia's western part includes some territories of the Ural region, and the far eastern part has been historically called the Russian Far East. At this time, Sibir was the name of a fortress at Qashliq, near Tobolsk. Certain countries seem to be at the core of their respective shatterbelts, with particularly intractable ethnoreligious rivalries. [93] Slavic and other Indo-European ethnicities make up the vast majority (over 85%) of the Siberian population. [95] According to the 2010 census there were 478,085 indigenous Turkic-speaking Yakuts. montane foresttemperate broadleaf forest But Christians in the Balkans are bitterly divided between Roman Catholicism (Slovenia and Croatia) and Eastern Orthodox (Greek, Serbian, etc.) In the mid-Pleistocene, many deposits on this plain resulted from ice dams which produced a large glacial lake. Siberia. International borders partition groups among more than one country leading to attempts to create new ethnic states and often involving ethnic cleansing. Photo Gallery.Birds of Siberia", 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T13897A61977573.en, "Conservation Genetics of the Far Eastern Leopard (, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T15956A5333650.en, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22824A166528664.en, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42405A2977712.en, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42331A2973177.en, , Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary, - , "Siberian separatism: whether federal center can hold remote regions Robert Lansing Institute", Statistics on the Development of Gas Fields in Western Siberia, "The City Built on Oil: EU-Russia Summit Visits Siberia's Boomtown", "Norilsk raises 2010 nickel output forecast", "FAO National Aquaculture Sector Overview (NASO)", "The Siberian Curse: A Blessing in Disguise for Renewable Energy? Shatterbelt A region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals Israel (Jews, Christians, Muslims) Kashmir (Muslims in NW India) Eastern Europe during the Cold War Make Connections! A shatterbelt region is a region that is internally divided by ethnicities and ideologies. - location of global resources. The mineral resources of Siberia are enormous; particularly notable are its deposits of coal, petroleum, natural gas, diamonds, iron ore, and gold. Southern Siberia was part of the Mongols khanate of the Golden Horde from the 10th to the mid-15th century. Weak states are the rule. After the Cold War, constituent countries such as Cambodia and El Salvador were left with social and political chaos and remain mired in underdevelopment, but war is no longer a factor. Quickly!!! Green=Houthis, allied with Iran; pink=allied with West/Saudi Arabia/UAE; white=al Qaeda controlled; dark gray dots in white area: ISIS-controlled. It has been a part of Russia since the latter half of the 16th century, after the Russians conquered lands east of the Ural Mountains. It is a stateless nation, as the entire island of Ireland is under the control of the United Kingdom. Find out more on NATO at brainly.com/question/4273334. [18] Remote Wrangel Island and the Taymyr Peninsula are believed to have been the last places on Earth to support woolly mammoths as isolated populations until their extinction around 2000 BC. Shatterbelt regions are areas where the persistent splintering and fracturing happens and major powers compete for the influence. [22] Ancient DNA analysis has revealed that the oldest fossil known to carry the derived KITLG allele, which is responsible for blond hair in modern Europeans, is a 17,000 year old Ancient North Eurasian specimen from Siberia. The nature reserve park also conducts climatic research on the changes expected from the reintroduction of grazing animals or large herbivores, hypothesizing that a transition from tundra to grassland would lead to a net change in energy emission to absorption ratios.[56]. Political geographers coined this term to evoke fragility. the political term used when referring to the fragmentation or breakup of a region or country into smaller regions or countries. Lioubimtseva E.U., Gorshkov S.P. However, in this and some other geography textbooks, the term Siberia more specifically describes only the region north of the Eastern Frontier that extends to the Kamchatka Peninsula. My older child weighs 25%25 \%25% more than my younger child. See Yakut reindeer herders travel with their sleds, through the Siberian forests, View the yearly migration of the Sakha (Yakut) herdsmen and their reindeers through the forests of Siberia, This article was most recently revised and updated by, Siberia - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Which of the following areas is considered a shatterbelt? This is in fact a subset of new and old nation-states in the region of Central and Eastern Europe or, to use an older, but increasingly popular term, 'Mitteleuropa' (Ruppert, 1997). The annual average temperature is about 0.5C (32.9F). He said that the neighbouring Chinese, Turks, and Mongolians, who have similar names for the region, would not have known Russian. Russia's third most popular sport, bandy,[84] is important in Siberia. Command Economy. Shatterbelts are regions of cultural diversity and political instability with weak states, local rivalries, geostrategic importance, vital natural resources, and international interference. [54][55], Since 1988, experimentation at Pleistocene Park has proposed to restore the grasslands of prehistoric times by conducting research on the effects of large herbivores on permafrost, suggesting that animals, rather than climate, maintained the past ecosystem. It is also a zone where various religions and ethnicities mix. The Conquest of Siberia", Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, rpression. During the Russian Civil War (191820) an anti-Bolshevik government headed by Adm. Aleksandr Kolchak held much of Siberia until 1920; virtually all of Siberia was reincorporated into the new Soviet state by 1922, however. What amount is 6212%62 \frac{1}{2} \%6221% smaller than $88\$ 88$88 ? Because of the 1967 war, Jordan was the only Arab nation to make peace with Israel. Next-door Moldova contains the breakaway region of Transnistria that is "protected" by Russia and also includes pro-Russian Gagauzia, so if the Russia-Ukraine war spreads, Moldova could quickly be engulfed. B Novosibirsk[98] is the largest city in Siberia, with a population of about 1.6million. Historian John F. Richards wrote: " it is doubtful that the total early modern Siberian population exceeded 300,000 persons". a country that appears to be independent, but is under heavy political and economic influence or control by another country; used mainly to refer to Central and Eastern European countries of the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War, the process of converting government-owned businesses to private ownership. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. This led to the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914, the spark igniting the "Great War," the "War to End all Wars," the bloodiest conflict the world had ever known: World War I. [36], At 7:15a.m. on 30 June 1908 the Tunguska Event felled millions of trees near the Podkamennaya Tunguska (Stony Tunguska) in central Siberia. Their activity continued for a million years and some scientists consider it a possible cause of the "Great Dying" about 250million years ago,[16] estimated to have killed 90% of species existing at the time. - shatter belts are geographical boundaries where tensions often explode based on cultural boundaries. [29], The growing power of Russia in the West began to undermine the Siberian Khanate in the 16th century. Examining the countries shown in white on the map of the former Yugoslavia, which of the following explains why the area would be referred to as a shatterbelt region? The frozen peat bogs in this region may hold billions of tons of methane gas, which may be released into the atmosphere. Still, few expect the situation to become permanently stable. Stroganina is a raw fish dish of the indigenous people of northern Arctic Siberia made from raw, thin, long-sliced frozen fish. Soils are mainly turbels (a type of gelisol). The collapse of Zaire (now DRC) in the 1990s and the cycles of genocide in Rwanda and Burundi resulted in "Africa's First World War" with millions dead; most countries in the region are now somewhat stable, though multiple insurgencies are ongoing. Please help me please tell me the Coordinates for each question!! Shatterbelt components include multiple choke points, irredentism, weak governance, natural resources, and ethnic separatism. Answer: A shatterbelt is a geographical region in which major nations fight for control. According to Vasily Kryuchkov, approximately 31,000 square kilometers of the Russian Arctic has subjected to severe environmental disturbance. The Siberian Traps were formed by one of the largest-known volcanic events of the last 251million years of Earth's geological history. [99] The Siberian Federal District alone has an estimation of 250,000 Muslims. They are all scrambling to assert claims over two vital rivers that run through the region. It linked Siberia more closely to the rapidly industrialising Russia of Nicholas II (r.18941917). Wider definitions of geographic Siberia also include the cities of: Chelyabinsk and Yekaterinburg in the Urals, Khabarovsk and Vladivostok in the Russian Far East, and even Petropavlovsk in Kazakhstan and Harbin in China. In addition, Eastern Europe straddles major transport routes for energy and other vital necessities for western Europe. Precipitation is high also in most of Primorye in the extreme south, where monsoonal influences can produce quite heavy summer rainfall. This led to the discovery of the Markovo Oil Field in 1962 with the Markovo1 well, which produced from the Early Cambrian Osa Horizon bar-sandstone at a depth of 2,156 metres (7,073ft).

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