The Harappan people traded with the people of Sumer and with the towns lying along the Persian Gulf. Impressions of cloth are noticeable on some of the sealing found here. Stock breeding was important in Indus culture. ‎When one thinks of the world’s first cities, Sumer, Memphis, and Babylon are some of the first to come to mind. Lothal, the dockyard site of the Indus Valley Civilization, is situated in A. Gujarat B. Punjab C. Pakistan D. Haryana. The Harappans worshipped Pashupati Shiva in his actual form as well as in the representative form as Linga, worship of mother goddess, worship of trees, animals; serpents were all adopted by Hinduism. See all quizzes › Go to topic › Question 2 How many symbols were used in Indus Valley writing? Others attribute it to some kind of depression in the land which caused floods. 5. Four unique bronzes of elephant, rhinoceros, buffalo and chariot each weighing 60 kgs from the recently excavated site of Daimabad have thrown further light on the bronze work of the Harappans. The only other Indus site where rice husk has been found is Rangpur near Ahmedabad. The Mohenjodaro, the length of the Great Bath was 12 mtrs, breadth was 7mtrs and depth was 2.5 mtrs. Next Question > Quiz yourself on the Indus Valley civilization! In the citadel the most impressive buildings were the granaries which were store -houses. But in the Harappan phase they were not ploughed but dug up. Knobbed pottery was ornamented on the outside with knobs. Presence of residential and non-residential buildings. Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Banawali, Kalibangan, Lothal, Chahundaro, etc. Perforated pottery has a large hole at the bottom and small holes all over the wall and was probably used for straining liquor. It was not the Aryans who brought civilization to India which is rather untenable stand taken by Indo-Germanic scholars who seem to think that anything good in the world could have come from Aryan Race. Situated in Gujarat it is the latest Indus city discovered in India and also one of the largest sites of the civilization. Within the lower town there are some barrack like groups of single -roomed tenements at Mohenjodaro. A number of stone sculptures have been discovered at Mohenjodaro, two at Harappa, one at Dabarkot and one at Mundigak (Afganistan). In Mohenjo daro there is also a large building which appears to have been the house of the governor. Traces of the remains of massive brick walls around both the citadel and the lower town have been discovered here. The numerical and decimal system was evolved here which made remarkable contributions towards Vedic mathematics. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION SITES So far nearly 1000 sites of nearly, mature and late phases of the Indus Civilization are known in the sub-continent. In the south-west of Mohenjodaro there was a granary which covers 55 x 37 mtrs area. 2. It flourished around 2,500 BC, in the western part of South Asia, in contemporary Pakistan and Western India. The artworks of Indus valley Civilization are extremely realistic in the portrayal of human and animal figures. Fire altars indicating the probable existence of a fire cult have been found. Weights and measures which were very accurately graded point to a very high degree of exchange. He was doing some research in ancient Indian texts and was surprised by the character of ruins in that area. Jha claims to have deciphered about 3500 inscriptions on seals. According to Giosan et al. It was chiefly made and consists of both plain and painted ware and plain variety being more common. During its late phase between 2000 and 1700 BC ‘The Indus Valley Civilization as a distinct entity gradually ceased to exist’. Unakoti is an archaeological venue in Tripura. Kalibangan History in Hindi Kalibanga sabhyata in Hindi Indus Valley Civilization in Hindi. At Kalibangan the lanes and roads of the city were built in a definite proportion. The Aryans were more skilled at warfare and were powerful than the Harappans. Next Question > 3,000. Later, during 1961-69, excavation were carried out by … A second figure of comparable size also comes from Mohenjodaro. Important Sites • In India: Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Lothal, Dholavira, Rangpur, Surkotda (Gujarat), It was only Indus site with an artificial brick dockyard. It is surrounded by verandas on four sides. The main sites like Harappa, Mohenjo Daro, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira are featured below with their respective specialities. Others point out that the Harappan culture was destroyed by the Aryans but there is hardly any evidence of a mass scale confrontation between the two. There are many unsolved problems relating to the Indus Valley Civilization. But this theory is partly true. The granaries here are located outside the citadel but immediately next to it in the west. It is one of two Indus cities which have both proto-Harappan and Harappan cultural phases. Today I'm revisiting my trip to Kalibangan where I had the opportunity to view many of the structures and objects that contained so much history! Kiriburu is situated in the state of Jharkhand. It is distinguished by its exclusive fire altars and is considered as worlds earliest indicated ploughed field. He sought help from Sir John Marshall of the Archaeological Survey of India. The street ran straight and at right angles to each other following the grid system. The streets were very wide and the houses built of burnt bricks lined both sides of the street. Indus Valley Civilization is the one of the oldest ancient civilizations of the world.Indus River Valley Civilization was discovered by the archaeologists in the 1920s. Other good examples of the skill in casting and bronze working are the little models of bullock carts and ikkas from Harappa and Chanhudaro. The common features of all the Indus valley civilizations are as follows: 1. The town was extremely well planned. Historians have different opinions regarding the causes of the decay and disappearance of the Harappan culture. Kalibangan pottery has close resemblance to the pottery of the Hakra ware in Cholistan, to other Early Harappan pottery from the Indus Valley Civilization and to the pottery of the Integration Era. The approach followed by Kinnier-Wilson is to find analogies between Harappan and Sumerian signs.S R Rao has produced a different attempt to read the script as containing a pre-Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-European family. Use of standard weight… Copper rhino, copper chariot and copper elephant found at Daimabad. • Out of these, only 6 can be regarded as cities: Harappa, Mohenjo-daro,Chanhu-daro, Lothal, Kalibangan and Banwali. The numerous specimens of pottery, seals, bracelets etc reveal that arts and crafts florished. Name the oldest Indian civilization. In its proto-Harappan phase the fields were ploughed. Representations of ships are found on seals found at Harappa and Mohenjodaro. But in the Harappan phase they were not ploughed but dug up. Leg bone of elephant was found at Kalibangan. He also finds close connection between the Brahmi and the Indus script. Mohenjodaro (Sind) is situated on the right bank of the Indus. The IVC residents did not develop irrigation capabilities, relying mainly on the seasonal monsoons leading to summer floods. Mortimer Wheeler pointed out that the Harappan culture was destroyed by the Aryans. In the Lothal port, there was a dockyard which was 216 mtrs in length and 37 mtrs in breadth. Numerous articles used as weights have been discovered. Presence of a fortified citadel in almost all urban centres. Over 400. The merchandise was shipped from Lothal and incoming goods were received here. Indus Valley Civilization Cities or City Map. The excavation work was carried by R.S Bisht and his team in 190-91. It might have served the purpose of ritual bathing vital to any religious ceremony in India. Harappans were inventors of linear system of measurement with a unit equal to one angula of the Arthasastra. Harappans used weights and measures for commercial as well as building purposes. Kalibangan is an ancient site of the Indus Valley Civilization in northern Rajasthan state. Harappan people used different types of pottery such as galzed, polychrome, incised perforated and knobbed. Banawali (Haryana) was situated on the banks of the now extinct Sarasvati River. Kalibangan. Spinning and weaving of cotton and wool, pottery making chiefly red clay with geometric designs painted in black, bead making from clay, stone, paste, shell and ivory, seal making, terracotta manufacture and brick laying. Another remarkable contribution of the Harappan people was the cultivation of cotton. It has evidence of having both proto Harappan and Harappan cultural phases. Lothal in Ahmedabad, near river Sabarmati 7. Absence of temples of special places of worship except few altars at some sites. It was surrounded by a stone rubble fortification with square bastions at the corners and in the longer sides. Important Sites of Indus Valley Civilization. It shares almost all the common features of Indus cities such as town planning, grid system, drainage system and the like. It was surrounded by a massive brick wall probably as flood protection. Harappan city with three divisions namely-citadel, middle town and lower town was at Dholavira. From the meagre evidence it may be concluded that the civilization represented by these two cities commonly known as the Indus Valley Civilization belonged to the first half of the third millennium B.C. It was built during the rule of Marathas. Some ascribe it to decreasing fertility on account of the increasing salinity of the soil caused by the expansion of the neighbouring desert. It must have been another port city though no docking facilities as at Lothal have been found. It was divided into 3 parts. It shares almost all the common features of Indus cities such as town planning, grid pattern, drainage system and elaborates fortification. Around 1750 BC Mohenjodaro and Harappa declined but the Harappan culture in the other cities faded out more gradually. The term “Indus Valley Civilization” was first used by John Marshall. The most characteristic feature of the Harappan Civilization was its urbanization. Further evidence indicates that they continued well into the second millennium B.C. Sir John Marshal, Lambrick and E.J.H Mackay suggest that the decline of the Harappan civilization was mainly due to the vagaries of the Indus River. The script of the Indus Valley Civilization is A. Kharosthi B. Undeciphered C. Brahmi D. Tamil. Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) is the beginning of the history of India. The decline of Harappan culture is difficult to explain. Ans. Incised ware is rare and the incised decoration was confined to the bases of the pans. Archaeological discoveries show that this culture evolved from the earlier rural communities. 28. The weights proceeded in a series, first doubling from 1, 2, 4, 8 to 64 and then in decimal multiples of 16. It was the first Indus site to be discovered and excavated in 1921. Kalibangan. 29. The houses were of varying sizes which suggest class differences in Harappan society. Most of the writing is from left to right and not the other way. Located at the centre of the citadel it is remarkable for beautiful brick work. Several methods were used by people for the decoration of pottery. A seated figure of a male god carved on a small stone seal was also found. Presence of cooking area, water reservoir in houses. From the meagre evidence it may be concluded that the civilization represented by these two cities commonly known as the Indus Valley Civilization belonged to the first half of the third millennium B.C. (Q.19) In 2014, with the discovery of additional mounds, which of the following Became the largest Indus Valley Civilization site? Shivaji stayed there for many years until he had captured his first fort. There were 27 blocks of solid blocks of solid bricks in granary. It consists chiefly of wheel made wares both plain and painted. Two of these parts were protected by strong rectangular fortifications. 1. The camel was rare and horse was not known. Flood-supported farming led to large agricultural surpluses, which in turn supported the development of cities. The same high authority goes farther and declares that the civilization of India is even superior to that of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Kalibangan flourished for at least 450-600 years. A well laid drainage system kept the cities clean. They believed that there was life after death because the graves often contained household pottery, ornaments and mirrors which might have belonged to the dead persons and which it was thought he or she might need after death. The cities show evidence of an advanced sense of planning and organization. It spreads over the region of Punjab, Sindh, North West Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Rajasthan, U.P, Gujarat and some parts of South India. ; It flourished in the Bronze Age (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE, pre-Harappan cultures starting c.7500 BCE) along the Indus River (hence called Indus Valley Civilization) and … Various causes have been ascribed for its weakening and then decay: Increase in rainfall, earthquake, decrease in fertility of soil, floods, Aryan invasion, disease etc. The potters also worked in this part. But the number of the sites belonging to the mature phase is limited, and of them only half a dozen like Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Kalibangan, Lothal, Chanhu-daro and Banwali can be regarded as cities. So Indus valley civilization was initially called as Harappan civilization. There are two main arguments as to the nature of the language that it belongs to the Indo-European or even Indo-Aryan family or that it belongs to the Dravidian family. In Harappa the Granary was outside the Fort. Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age Civilization that flourished between 2500-1750 BC in the north western parts of India and present-day Pakistan.. This is … Lothal is at the head of the Gulf of Cambay. In fact, Tessitori was the first person to recognize that the ruins we… It is located within the citadel and next to the Great Bath. It is one of two Indus cities which have both proto-Harappan and Harappan cultural phases. Features of Indus Valley Civilization. Harappa Civilization in Hindi. Evidence of sea and river transport by ships and boats in several seals and terracotta models have been found apart from the dockyard at Lothal. Proper Town planning in all Indus valley cites except few such as Kalibangan. Kalibangan was located on a different river from the other major Indus Valley Civilization cities, and its river suffered a fate that led to the end of the city. Lothal is one of the most prominent cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization. Kalibangan in Ganganagar, near river Ghaggar 6. The artworks of the Indus valley civilization embrace Sculptures, seals, pottery, gold ornaments, terracotta models, etc. The glazed Harappan pottery is the earliest example of its kind in the ancient world. The variants are formed by adding different accents, inflexions or other letters to the former. The Kalibangan pre-historic site was discovered by Luigi Pio Tessitori, an Italian Indologist (1887–1919). The streets were all well planned and drains regularly drained out. Since no word in these languages begins with a vowel the writing does not create any problems in comprehension. The earliest evidence of surgery was found from Kalibangan. Although the theory of ecological factors for the decline of the Harappan civilization is latest yet it does not give us complete answer. History of Chennai encompasses the events of the south Indian history, colonialism and then the massive growth of the city during the 20th century. A hunting scene showing two antelopes with the hunter is noticed on a pot shreds from the cemetery H.A jar found at Lothal depicts a scene in which two birds are seen perched on a tree each holding a fish in its beak. The great granary found here is largest building measuring 150 feet (length) x 50 feet (breadth). Goldsmiths made jewellery of silver, gold and precious stones and metal workers made tools and implements in copper and bronze. Geometrical patterns, circles, squares and triangles and figures of animals, birds, snakes or fish are frequent motifs found in Harappan pottery. Rangpur in Ahmedabad, near river Meedar 5. The Harappan civilization was the first urban civilization of the Indian subcontinent. Geographical extent of Indus Valley Civilization. To them also belong the credits for producing some of the earliest specimens of pottery. The merchant class contributed to the general prosperity and trade contacts seem to have been established with the Sumerian and Mesopotamian civilization of those times. #Kalibangan#AncientHistory#IndusValley. Kalibangan, Rajasthan, Ancient Cities of Indus Valley Civilization. A specimens of images made of both stone and metal have been discovered. It was nearly rectangular with the longer axis running from north to south. Near the granaries were the furnaces where the metal workers produced a variety of objects in metals such as copper, bronze, lead and tin. In this article, we have discussed some of the important points of Indus Valley Civilization for the UPSC exam. Various causes have been suggested for this. The Indus Valley city of Kalibangan was excavated in the 1960s. The sensational discoveries made at Harappa in West Punjab and Mohenjodaro in Sind have revolutionised our idea of ancient Indian history. It is the third excavated cityof Harappan sites and the earliest town destroyed by earthquake. These are the nearest buildings to the river and thus could easily be supplied by river transport. An attempt has been made by Natwar Jha a palaeographist and Vedic scholar who says that script is syllabic that is no vowels are written. In the lower town a particular building identified by Wheeler as the temple has a monumental entrance and twin stairways leading to a raised platform on which was found one of the rare stone sculptures of a seated figure. The Harappan pottery is bright or dark red and uniformly sturdy and well baked. They are a series of brick platforms forming the basis of two rows of six granaries each measuring 50 x 20 feet . The Indus civilization was originally called Harappan civilization after this site. The number of signs of the Harappan script is known to be between 400 and 600 of which 40 or 60 are basic and the rest are their variants. The plain ware is usually of red clay with or without a fine red slip. The plain pottery is more common than the painted ware. There is also present an oblong multipillared assembly hall and a big rectangular building which must have served administrative purposes. Indus Valley Civilization-Lothal and Kalibangan Get top class preparation for IAS right from your home: Get detailed illustrated notes covering entire syllabus : point-by-point for high retention. The Harappan civilization contributed towards the advancement of Mathematics. If the focus then shifts to India, then Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro will undoubtedly come up, but after that, India’s other ancient cities are often overlooked. 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