[Medline]. 1994 Dec. 170(6):1601-5. Pediatric neck abscesses remain common problems that are sometimes difficult to manage. Introduction Infections from Mycobacterium species have a variety of clinical presentations. Clinical Review, You are being redirected to Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine 1991 May 1. 2008 Sep-Oct. 160(5):248-54; quiz 254, 293. Chaisson RE, Moore RD, Richman DD, et al. [Medline]. As a general rule, deeper infections may require 6 or more months of treatment. Mark R Schleiss, MD Minnesota American Legion and Auxiliary Heart Research Foundation Chair of Pediatrics, Professor of Pediatrics, Division Director, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School January 22-26, 1997: Race EM, Adelson-Mitty J, Kriegel GR, et al. 2009 Mar. [Medline]. Hartmann P, Plum G. Immunological defense mechanisms in tuberculosis and MAC-infection. [Medline]. MMWR. Eradication of AIDS-related disseminated mycobacterium avium complex infection after 12 months of antimycobacterial therapy combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy. 2001 Aug. 20(4):280-6. . Interleukin-12-stimulated natural killer cells can activate humanmacrophages to inhibit growth of Mycobacterium avium. J La State Med Soc. 1105570-overview Localised infection may be treated with 3-4 months of doxycycline or clarithromycin, in more troublesome cases rifampicin may need to be added in ; Nodular vasculitis (syn. 358(9283):747-51. Sohn CC, Schroff RW, Kliewer KE, et al. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. NLM 1991 Mar. February 1-5, 1998: Shafran SD. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Bonamonte D, De Vito D, Vestita M, Delvecchio S, Ranieri LD, Santantonio M, Angelini G. Eur J Dermatol. NTM do cause pulmonary diseases that resemble tuberculosis. Emerg Infect Dis. Atypical mycobacterial infections of the hand: report of eight cases and literature review. Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex infection in HIV-infected children. J Immunol. [Medline]. 1-5. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2004. 1993 Dec. 31(12):3231-9. 2012 Jan. 15(1):54-5. Wallace RJ, Silcox VA, Tsukamura M, et al. To the Editor— Recent articles published in Clinical Infectious Diseases [1, 2] acknowledged the in vitro activity of omadacycline against atypical mycobacteria but did not emphasize the important clinical role this medication may have in the treatment of Mycobacterium abscessus infections. 8-10: Kayal JD, McCall CO. Sporotrichoid cutaneous Mycobacterium avium complex infection. 18(1):31-4 [PubMed - in process]. American Academy of Pediatrics. Medical Word Communications. Moderate and severe dehydration should be treated accordingly. 27th ed. Diet should be individualized in the presence of gastrointestinal complications such as diarrhea and vomiting. 2006 Jan. 25(1):53-8. [Buruli ulcer. [Medline]. [Medline]. 1998 Nov. 178(5):1446-9. Although diagnosis is confirmed by isolation and identification of the organism in practice diagnosis remains largely presumptive based on clinicohistological features and the response to treatment. Correlates of opportunistic infections in children infected with the humanimmunodeficiency virus managed before highly active antiretroviraltherapy. 6. 1992 Aug. 146(2):285-9. The prognosis is good for a majority of the affected individuals, with prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment Who gets Atypical Mycobacterial Infection? 31(8):259-63. 2001 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. A variety of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTMB) can cause pulmonary infections, with important differences in epidemiology, microbiology, host response, and treatment options across the various species. 2002 Nov. 47(5 Suppl):S249-50. J Am Acad Dermatol. A combined therapeutic approach, including surgical drainage, debridement and prolonged treatment with combined antimicrobial agents, has been used in some cases of atypical mycobacteria. This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties. [Medline]. Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH Professor and Head of Dermatology, Professor of Pathology, Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Le Bourgeois M, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Catherinot E, Gaillard JL. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 163(3):598-603. [Medline]. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in cystic fibrosis associated with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and steroid therapy. 2007 Aug. 45(8):587-92. 1995 Oct. 63(10):4099-104. Disseminated MAC disease is best treated in collaboration with a pediatric infectious disease specialist with experience in the treatment of pediatric HIV infection. Azzam HC, Gahunia MK, Sae-Tia, Santoro J. Mycobacterium avium--associated typhlitis mimicking appendicitis in an immunocompetent host. 1996 Aug. 15(8):713-5. Mycobacterium chimaera infection has been linked with a device used to heat and cool the blood during some types of open heart surgery. [Medline]. 1994 Oct. 8(10):1413-9. Abstract Book. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. Fegin, Cherry, eds. Polymerase chain reaction allows the routine early detection of the organism from a biopsy specimen. The epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. Nakamura T, Yamamura Y, Tsuruta T, et al. [Medline]. Chest. 1993 Apr. This guideline focuses on pulmonary disease in adults (without cystic fibrosis or human immunodeficiency virus infection) caused by the most common NTM pathogens such as Mycobacterium … 2001 Sep. 59(3):140-51. [Medline]. Treatment of atypical mycobacterial infections depends upon the infecting organism and the severity of the infection. Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum) is a slow-growing atypical mycobacterium that is commonly found in bodies of fresh or saltwater in many parts of the world.Skin infections with Mycobacterium marinum in humans are relatively uncommon and are usually acquired from contact with contents of aquariums or fish. 2008 Dec. 83(12):785-91. [Full Text]. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1998. Russell W Steele, MD Clinical Professor, Tulane University School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Ochsner Clinic Foundation Sporotrichoid presentation of Mycobacterium marinum infection of the upper extremity. Chin DP, Hopewell PC. 1956 Nov 15. 342(15):1085-92. 32(11):1547-53. Frucht DM, Holland SM. Ochs HD et al, eds. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex: evaluation with CT. Radiology. J Infect Dis. James M Oleske, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Academy of Medicine of New Jersey, American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, American Association of Public Health Physicians, American College of Preventive Medicine, American Pain Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Infectious Diseases Society of New Jersey, Medical Society of New Jersey, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Arab Board of Family Medicine, American Academy of Pain Management, National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners, Association of Clinical Researchers and Educators, American Academy of HIV Medicine, American Thoracic Society, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Public Health Association, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases SocietyDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. 1992. Another one causes leprosy. 1997. Jacobson MA, Hopewell PC, Yajko DM, et al. J Clin Microbiol. Surgical treatment is not usually recommended and must be cautiously applied. 2005 Oct. 54(Pt 10):975-9. Defective monocyte costimulation for IFN-gamma production in familialdisseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection: abnormal IL-12regulation. [Medline]. Am Rev Respir Dis. Tigges F, Bauer A, Hochauf K, Meurer M. Sporotrichoid atypical cutaneous infection caused by Mycobacterium marinum. [Medline]. 1998 Jan 24. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection (NTM) Non-tuberculous mycobacteria, or NTM, cause rare lung infections, mainly in people who have damaged lungs or who have a problem with their immune system. Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease: management options in HIV-negative patients. [Medline]. 2020 Mar 16;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s41927-020-0114-3. 1993. [Medline]. A randomized, placebo-controlled study of rifabutin added to a regimen of clarithromycin and ethambutol for treatment of disseminated infection with Mycobacterium avium complex. Bezerra GH, Honório MLP, Costa VLDC, Vechi HT, Alves MDM, Britto MHMF, Rocha KBF, Carvalho LD. 1968 Mar. Mayo Clin Proc. [Medline]. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare pulmonary infection in HIV-negative patients without preexisting lung disease: diagnostic and management limitations. The use of isoniazid, streptomycin and pyrazinamide as empirical treatment options should be avoided. … M. marinum infection should always be included in the differential diagnosis of all cases with poor-healing wounds in upper extremities and a history of exposure to aquariums. Feb. 2009. Schonell ME, Crofton JW, Stuart AE, Wallace A. Disseminated infection with Mycobacterium avium: I. Lancet. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), also known as environmental mycobacteria, atypical mycobacteria and mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), are mycobacteria which do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy (also known as Hansen's disease). It presents as a solitary, red-to-violaceous plaque or nodule with an overlying crust or verrucous surface, or as inflammatory nodules or abscesses, usually in a sporotrichotic type of distribution. Hawkins CC, Gold JW, Whimbey E, et al. https://profreg.medscape.com/px/getpracticeprofile.do?method=getProfessionalProfile&urlCache=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbWVkaWNpbmUubWVkc2NhcGUuY29tL2FydGljbGUvOTcyNzA4LXRyZWF0bWVudA==. 337(3):218-20. [Medline]. [Medline]. [Medline]. Unlike other mycobacterial infections, treatment is relatively straightforward. Villella A, Picard C, Jouanguy E, et al. [Full Text]. 146(9):3165-70. J Infect Dis. In man, the lung is the major seat of infection and the usual portal through which infection reaches other organs. National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 2009 Mar;18(1):31-4. Common symptoms of NTM are chronic, dry cough, and shortness of breath. 351(9098):252-5. [Medline]. [Medline]. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Torriani FJ, McCutchan JA, Bozzette SA, et al. Kaplan MH. NTM are found in the soil, air, and water, so you can get an infection from swimming, gardening, or breathing air with NTM. 3rd ed. In most cases a course of antibiotics is necessary. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/831462, American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, American Association of Public Health Physicians, Infectious Diseases Society of New Jersey, National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, Association of Military Surgeons of the US, International Immunocompromised Host Society, International Society for Infectious Diseases, Medical Society of the District of Columbia, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Society for Ear, Nose and Throat Advances in Children, American Federation for Clinical Research. Surgical excision of the infected lymph nodes is considered the treatment of choice, and cure rates in retrospective studies varied from 81% to 95% [2–7]. [Medline]. USA.gov. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. Prevention and treatment of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complexinfection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. The less severe form is known as nodular bronchiectasis, in which the airways of the lungs become damaged, and subsequently dilate and become scarred. Develop a treatment monitoring plan for a patient with an atypical mycobacterial infection. Bermudez LE, Wu M, Petrofsky M, Young LS. Medscape Medical News. [Medline]. [Medline]. [Medline]. Schütte D, Umboock A, Pluschke G. Phagocytosis of Mycobacterium ulcerans in the course of rifampicin and streptomycin chemotherapy in Buruli ulcer lesions. 7(4):507-12. These include rifampicin, ethambutol, isoniazid, minocycline, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, azithromycin and cotrimoxazole. Sporotrichoid atypical cutaneous infection caused by Mycobacterium marinum. 2005 Feb. 25(2):324-8.  |  Arch Pediatr. J Laryngol Otol. De Smet L. Mycobacterium marinum infections of the hand: a report of three cases. Mycobacterium xenopi pulmonary infection in two renal transplant recipients under sirolimus therapy. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represent over 190 species and subspecies, some of which can produce disease in humans of all ages and can affect both pulmonary and extrapulmonary sites. Accessed: January 7, 2015. 2004 Dec. 6(4):179-82. J Infect Dis. J Infect Dis. [Medline]. Report of 15 cases and review of the literature. Mycobacterium marinum is a non-tuberculous mycobacterium found in non-chlorinated water, with worldwide prevalence. Am J Trop Med Hyg. J Clin Microbiol. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi. Nyberg DA, Federle MP, Jeffrey RB, et al. Pediatr Infect Dis J.  |  Tamura A, Muraki K, Shimada M, et al. (Age and Sex Distribution) I… Rapidly growing mycobacteria associated with laparoscopic gastric banding, Australia, 2005-2011. Tubercle. N Engl J Med. Multifocal osteomyelitis caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients with a genetic defect of the interferon-gamma receptor. [Medline]. 1993 Mar. Fatal disseminated Mycobacterium smegmatis infection in a child withinherited interferon gamma receptor deficiency. Denis M, Gregg EO. Clin Chest Med. [Medline]. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! [Medline]. Azithromycin-containing regimens for treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. Phillips P, Zala C, Rouleau D. Mycobacterial lymphadenitis: Can highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) unmask subclinical infection? Characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children at the time of death: an experience in the 1990s. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofz550. Lancet. 1986 Aug. 105(2):184-8. Pediatr Infect Dis J. [Medline]. Diseases caused by nontuberculous Mycobacteria. Spontaneous remission has also been reported in untreated infections and in immunocompetent hosts. 2006. The temptation is great to incise and drain the abscess cavity when fluctuant involvement is present. Incidence and natural history of Mycobacterium avium-complex infections inpatients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease treated withzidovudine. Havlir D, Elnner JJ. Acta Chir Belg. Infect Immun. [Medline]. 24(5):982-4. Fishing for a Diagnosis, the Impact of Delayed Diagnosis on the Course of. [Full Text]. Da Silva Telles MA, Chimara E, Ferrazoli L, Riley LW. Natural history of disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in AIDS. Clinical disease, drug susceptibility, and biochemical patterns of the unnamed third biovariant complex of Mycobacterium fortuitum.  |  Wallace RJ, Brown BA, Silcox VA, et al. Alexandria, Va: Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health. Karne SS, Sangle SA, Kiyawat DS, Dharmashale SN, Kadam DB, Bhardwaj RS. Cervical lymphadenitis in children caused by chromogenic Mycobacteria. 29(6):1276-8. eCollection 2020. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex presenting as hematochezia in an infant with rapidly progressive acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. [Medline]. Stone AB, Schelonka RL, Drehner DM, et al. Clinical outcome and survival time in a cohort of HIV-infected children with atypical mycobacterial infections. [Medline]. [Medline]. Cryotherapy, X-ray therapy, electrodesiccation, photodynamic therapy and local hyperthermic therapy have been reported as effective therapeutic alternatives. Arend SM, Janssen R, Gosen JJ, et al. Lidar M, Elkayam O, Goodwin D, et al. 972708-overview Pediatrics. Discontinuation of prophylaxis for Mycobacterium avium complex disease in HIV-infected patients who have a response to antiretroviral therapy. Arry Dieudonne, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, Pediatric Infectious Diseases SocietyDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. Abstract 697: Dieudonne A. Mycobacterium avium complex in HIV-infected infants and adolescents. Arry Dieudonne, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School; Clinical Director, Francois-Xavier Bagnold Center for Children, University Hospital 1968 Jun 17. In superficial cutaneous infections minocycline, clarithromycin, doxycycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as monotherapy are effective treatment options, but drug resistance varies and thereby combination therapy usually of two drugs may be … [Medline]. Aberg JA, Yajko DM, Jacobson MA. [Nontuberculous mycobacteria in cystic fibrosis]. Dhooge I, Dhooge C, De Baets F, Van Cauwenberge P. Diagnostic and therapeutic management of atypical mycobacterial infections in children. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 1999. Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. 2001 Oct. 40(10):1045-9. J Infect Dis. There have been many therapeutic modalities used effectively in the treatment of M. marinum infections. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous environmental organisms that can cause chronic pulmonary infection, particularly in individuals with pre-existing lung disease, such as cystic fibrosis. The most common one causes tuberculosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. [Medline]. Nutritional intervention such as nasogastric feeding and hyperalimentation through a central catheter, gastrostomy tube feeding, or jejunostomy tube feeding in the presence of gastroparesis should be considered. Predictors of survival in patients with AIDS and disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex disease. [Medline]. 2016 Sep. 48 (3):928-31. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Marras TK, Campitelli MA, Kwong JC, Lu H, Brode SK, Marchand-Austin A, et al. Medical CME Program. [Medline]. AIDS. Mycobacterium abscessus is commonly associated with pulmonary and cutaneous infections. 2007 Jun 11. [Medline]. 2001 Apr. Mycobacteria are a type of germ. [Medline]. 2008 Nov-Dec. 108(6:779-82. For detailed discussion of broth (liquid) media culture techniques, see the online supplement. Petrofsky M, Bermudez LE. NIH Atypical Mycobacterial Infection Treatment & Management. Mycobacterium avium complex infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol. [Usefulness of bronchofiberscopy for the diagnosis of pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis--an analysis mainly on pulmonary M. avium complex disease]. 1992 Nov. 11(11):960-4. 1991 Nov. 164(5):994-8. NTM lung disease in CF is emerging as a significant threat to these individuals, although there is limited data on diagnosis and treatment. 1994 Sep. 170(3):573-7. In superficial cutaneous infections minocycline, clarithromycin, doxycycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as monotherapy are effective treatment options, but drug resistance varies and thereby combination therapy usually of two drugs may be required. A case report. Thomssen H. [Buruli ulcer. Am J Hum Genet. Oral feeding can be resumed when appropriate to improve the patient's quality of life. Inderlied CB, Kemper CA, Bermudez LE. Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer) on the face: a comparative analysis of 13 clinically suspected cases from the Democratic Republic of Congo. [Medline]. [23, 7] Careful attention should be paid to avoid any injury to the mandibular branch of the facial nerve because it is often adherent to the tract. 1984, Saunders, third edition. Merone A, Saggiomo G, Severino G, et al. 49(1):12-30. Share cases and questions with Physicians on Medscape consult. 1997 May. Atypical mycobacterial infection images. Caloric loss and poor intake may restrict their daily activities. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Panonica Adriat. Stelzmueller I, Dunst KM, Wiesmayr S, et al. Vol 2: 2616-30. Aquarium-borne Mycobacterium marinum skin infection. Usually, treatment consists of a combination of drugs. Dieudonne A, Oleske JM. Although anyone can get an NTM infection, NTM are opportunistic pathogens placing some groups at increased risk, including those with underlying lung disease or depressed immune systems. Phanzu DM, Mahema RL, Suykerbuyk P, Imposo DH, Lehman LF, Nduwamahoro E, et al. They aren't "typical" because they don't cause tuberculosis. Recombinant tumour necrosis factor-alpha decreases whereas recombinant interleukin-6 increases growth of a virulent strain of Mycobacterium avium in human macrophages. November 28, 2001. Immunology. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Neth J Med. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. 2001 Sep 1. As the mycobacteria grow and deplete the oxygen present, the indicator fluoresces when subjected to ultraviolet light. [Medline]. Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected pediatric patients. Multifocal osteomyelitis caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients with a genetic defect of the … Huang JH, Kao PN, Adi V, Ruoss SJ. 2009 Mar. Can Med Assoc J. Would you like email updates of new search results? There is no standard guideline for management of M. haemophilum infection, but treatment with a combination of macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and rifampicin has been suggested, with the details of treatment determined on a case-by-case basis [ 21, 22 ]. [23]. Infectious Diseases. 11(5):354-60. Chest. Palisading suppurative granuloma consistent with atypical mycobacterial infection. Front Mycobacteria. [Medline]. Ann Intern Med. 75(10):798-803. Newman GW, Guarnaccia JR, Vance EA 3rd, et al. 1998 Jul-Sep. 3(1):39-47. HHS Mycobacteriosis is any of these illnesses, usually meant to exclude tuberculosis. Bidirectional effects of cytokines on the growth of Mycobacterium avium within human monocytes. Excision of affected lymph nodes in healthy children … 1999 Jun. 1985 Aug. 145(2):297-9. 250(7):387-91. The Mycobacterium avium complex. 73(5):2621-7. Epidemiology of disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial disease in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a common cause of chronic cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children, especially those aged 1–5 years [1]. Mycobacterium avium complex. Atypical mycobacterial infection images — codes and concepts open > Go to the image library. Eur Respir J. Mark R Schleiss, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Pediatric Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric ResearchDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. Autopsy findings in AIDS patients with Mycobacterium avium complexbacteremia. Masson AM, Prissick FH. 1996. Atypical mycobacteria are ubiquitous in the environment. [Medline]. Deep infections may also occur. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Casanova JL, Newport M, Fischer A. Surgical management of cervical adenitis due to atypical mycobacteria inchildren. [Medline]. Focal mycobacterial lymphadenitis following initiation ofprotease-inhibitor therapy in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease. [Medline]. [Medline]. Ciprofloxacin has shown considerable effectiveness. Get the latest public health information from CDC: https://www.coronavirus.gov, Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Find NCBI SARS-CoV-2 literature, sequence, and clinical content: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/. Pickering LK, ed. The optimal treatment regimen and length are not well established. [Medline]. Familial disseminated atypical mycobacterial infection in childhood: a human mycobacterial susceptibility gene?. [Medline]. 209-21. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Lancet. J Pediatr. Dieudonne A, McSherry, GD, Holland B. 2005 Aug. 21(8):689-95. MacGregor RR, Hafner R, Wu JW, et al. Horsburgh CR, Metchock B, Gordon SM, et al. 2005 May. Mycobacterium kansasii: antibiotic susceptibility and PCR-restriction analysis of clinical isolates. [Medline]. Chir Main . Keller C, Kirkpatrick S, Lee K, et al. NTM are also referred to as atypical mycobacteria, mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), or environmental mycobacteria. Shiratsuchi H, Johnson JL, Ellner JJ. Graduate Certificate in Cosmetic Dermatology; Graduate Diploma of Cosmetic Dermatology; Master of Cosmetic Dermatology ‘Capstone’ Course Components; Career Opportunities; For Health Professionals. Risk of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease with obstructive lung disease. 2020 Nov 27;62:e95. Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. [Medline]. Please confirm that you would like to log out of Medscape. [Medline]. 2001 Aug. 20(4):280-6. 2001 Jun 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 7. Abstract 351. The treatment of disease due to atypical mycobacteria can be confusing unless one clearly differentiates the organisms according to clinical characteristics and response to various chemotherapeutic agents. Hautarzt. Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Medical AssociationDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. De Smet L. 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