It has a series of bays, that have in them what we call aediculae, which are little temple fronts that are–niches with little temple fronts around them, with columns and pediments. So a victory, not only one of his great victories, military victories, but also victory over death. temple of Antoninus Pius and his wife Faustina was constructed in 141 C.E. And then what we see though with regard to the Baths of Trajan, that make them differ from the Baths of Titus, and are part of this evolution of Imperial Bath architecture in Rome, is the fact that the bathing block is placed in this very large rectangular precinct. HN 36.102.5). Re-thinking Judaism’s Encounter with the Roman Empire. We’re looking at the outer precinct wall. Seven Hills of Rome (image, CC BY-SA 3.0) Situated astride the Tiber river, the site of Rome is noted for its low hills that are separated by deeply cut valleys. You can see in this restored view, this series of tabernae down below; the attic up above. You can see it’s a conventional Roman temple: deep porch, freestanding columns, staircase, one staircase, façade orientation, just as we saw elsewhere. It’s a spiral frieze, done all in marble, of course, that wraps from the base of the column, all the way up to the top. brought about additions and renovations to the Forum Romanum. L. Ungaro, Il Museo dei Fori Imperiali nei mercati di Traiano (Milan: Electa, 2007). We see 150 shops here, on a variety of levels. The Arch of Titus is a Roman Triumphal Arch which was erected by Domitian in c. 81 CE at the foot of the Palatine hill on the Via Sacra in the Forum Romanum, Rome.It commemorates the victories of his father Vespasian and brother Titus in the Jewish War in Judaea (70-71 CE) when the great city of Jerusalem was sacked and the vast riches of its temple plundered. Augustus also followed Julius Caesar in creating yet another new forum space beyond the Forum Romanum that was named the Forum of Augustus. The Forum of Caesar takes the form of a rectangle measuring 160 by 75 m. The centerpiece of the complex was the Temple of Venus Genetrix, dedicated to the goddess that Caesar celebrated as his distant ancestor. This left the square itself open for the installation of decorative water features and plantings which are seen both archaeologically and on fragments of the Severan marble plan of the city of Rome (forma urbis Romae) that was mounted in the forum complex in the third century C.E. And I also thought I would mention–I’m sure all of you have been down to Ground Zero, but if you go a block or two away from Ground Zero itself, there’s the Fireman’s Memorial there, that was put up to many of the fireman who sadly lost their lives fighting those fires in the Twin Towers. Here you see the Roman soldiers. I just want to show you one last monument, and make one basic point about it, that really has more to do with the transition from Trajan to Hadrian, than anything else. And we’re going to see that it is two part, in the sense that it has–it is a forum, it has the forum proper, and it also has markets appended to it. The Imperial fora are located in an area bounded on the southwest by the Capitoline Hill, on the northeast by the Quirinal Hill, and extending toward the Esquiline Hill to the east. They all had them. You can see by looking at the plan of the Imperial Fora as a whole that not only did Trajan take the Empire to its furthest extent, this is the last forum that was added to the Imperial Fora, in Rome. So the Esquiline Hill, in large part. R. Darwall-Smith, Emperors and Architecture: a Study of Flavian Rome (Collection Latomus; 231) (Brussels: Latomus, 1996). Pliny the Elder deemed the Forum of Augustus one of three most beautiful monuments in the city of Rome (Pliny the Elder Natural History 36.102.5). Trajan received many titles. It’s not that difficult to climb the Column the Trajan because there’s a spiral staircase in the center of it, that goes up to the top. This is the most famous scene from the column, in which we see a battle between the Romans, inside one of these forts that they’ve built. It’s likely that Trajan had the same idea in mind, but it’s a little strange, because wouldn’t he then have adopted him before his death? And it tells, in documentary form, the exploits, the military exploits of Trajan, in his two Dacian military campaigns–those two campaigns that I’ve already mentioned–divided in the center by a Victory writing on a shield. Iron Age populations had used the marshy valley separating the Palatine and Capitoline hills as a necropolis (a large ancient cemetery), but the burgeoning settlement of archaic Rome had need of communal space and the valley was repurposed from a necropolis to a usable space. After a series of emperors chose to build new forum complexes (the Imperial Fora) adjacent to the Forum Romanum, it retained its symbolic importance, especially considering that, as a people, ancient Romans were incredibly loyal to ancestral practices and traditions. S. Baiani et al., Crypta Balbi-Fori imperiali: archeologia urbana a Roma e interventi di restauro nell’anno del Grande Giubileo (Rome: Kappa, 2000). The Forum of Julius Caesar (also known as the Forum Iulium or Forum Caesaris) was the first of the imperial fora complexes to be built. When it first appeared in 1756, the work established Piranesi’s reputation as an authority of Roman archaeology and … James J. Clauss and Daniel P. Harmon (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007). T. J. Luce, “Livy, Augustus, and the Forum Augustum.” in Between Republic and Empire, ed. His summary reminds us that in the city of Rome the Forum Romanum was the key political, ritual, and civic center. Tomorrow we’re going to announce that Trajan has adopted Hadrian.” That happens on August 9th. One of those is he’s the first Roman emperor to be born outside of Italy. The Column of Trajan, inaugurated in 113 C.E., is a main feature of the Forum of Trajan and is, in its own right, a masterwork of Roman art. You can also see here the very large windows; the semi-dome, that I’ll show you in detail in a moment. And what’s particularly interesting is that Apollodorus of Damascus, like Severus and Celer before him, appears to have been, above all, a great engineer. It has a kind of an apse or exedra at the uppermost part, through which one comes from the natatio into the frigidarium, and you can see that is screened by columns. When Trajan became emperor, he decided that he would again focus on public architecture, and that he would build a forum like none other before it. The forum of Trajan included markets, a basilica, an equestrian statue of the emperor and even a temple to himself. It brings in even more multifaceted civilizations around the world, and talent begins to pour into Rome from all of those places. This is at the very base. Coming to power at the end of the second century C.E., the Severan family erected a triple-bay triumphal arch commemorating the victories of emperor Septimius Severus (reigned 193-211 C.E.) It’s the covered bazaar, and it really is a market bazaar, on two tiers. 100, no. From the Early Republican period the forum space saw the construction of key temples. This is a narrow forum complex that abuts both the Forum of Augustus and the Templum Pacis and is constrained by these pre-existing structures (dimensions: 131 x 45 meters); as well as the Argiletum, a street that ran the length of the forum. So one can see remains–it’s made out of concrete, faced with brick–one can see remains on the top of that hill. The Temple of Peace (Templum Pacis) stands out among the imperial fora for its innovative architectural design. stone. You’ll recall that Nerva was old, and in fact also relatively sickly, when he became emperor of Rome. I’m not going to go into this in detail, but I want to quickly show you some of the scenes, because again they can be revealing, from the point of view of architecture. The building block here is essentially the taberna: not unlike what we saw in Pompeii, this small space with shops. PATRON/AUDIENCE (who was it made for? ​The column carries an helical frieze of historical relief that provides a pictorial narrative of the events of Trajan’s wars in Dacia (101–102 and 105–106 C.E. All of these things date, by the way, to the same period, around A.D. 113, the forum and also the markets. We have already looked at the Forum of Julius Caesar, with its Temple of Venus Genetrix. Forum of Trajan aerial / Wikimedia Commons, Palazzo Venezia and Mussolini balcony close-up / Wikimedia Commons. Column of Trajan, Carrara marble, completed 113 C.E., Rome; dedicated to Emperor Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus in honor of his victories over Dacia (now Romania) 101-02 and 105-06 C.E. and, together with his eldest son, Titus, suppressed the revolt and sacked the city of Jerusalem. At the Battle of Philippi in 42 B.C.E., Augustus vowed a temple to Mars in exchange for help in avenging the slain Caesar (Suet. Remember, after the war is over, they’re often given land by the general, or the emperor — it becomes theirs, and where they can live from that point on. Described as the “sphinx of the Campus Martius”—referring to enigmas presented by its appearance and history, and to the location in Rome where it was built—to visit it today is to be almost transported back to the Roman Empire itself. forum, market and meeting ... a colonnade enclosing the temple of Venus. and Constantinian investment in the early fourth century C.E., the forum and its environs began to decline and decay. Yale University, Marble bust portrait of Nerva, c.96-98 A.D. / National Museum of Rome. Trajan was an extraordinary emperor for Rome. And if you read the inscription on the coin, you see it refers to Trajan as Optimus Princeps. Giovanni Battista Piranesi, “Veduta di Campo Vaccino,” Views of Rome, plate 82, 18 x 27.75 inches, etching, 1772. This is the Basilica Ulpia here. Western end of the Roman Forum, c. 300 C.E. View of the ruins of the Temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum Augusti, c. 2 B.C.E. Flanking the temple in the exedrae (the semicircular, recessed areas behind the colonnades to the left and right of the temple) of the porticoes were sculptural groups depicting both Romulus and Aeneas, thus connecting Augustus to Rome’s two legendary founders (Ovid Fasti 5.549-570). The figures that are in the uppermost tier, of the main body of the forum, are depictions of captured Dacians; of Dacian prisoners brought back to Rome. In his summary, Plautus gives the reader the sense that one could find just about every sort of person in the forum—from criminals and hustlers to politicians and prostitutes. Home; Menu; Order Online; Contact; arch of trajan reliefs Twentieth century excavators, including Giacomo Boni and Einar Gjerstad, revealed important remains of Iron Age burials that pre-dated the establishment of the forum valley as a civic space; in particular the necropolis in the area known as the Sepulcretum along the Sacra Via (“Sacred Way,” the main sacred processional road of the city) has been extensively studied and published. The latter can still be climbed today to … This is very important because, as I mentioned, Roman architecture, using the traditional language of Greek architecture, ultimately developed something that we call a baroque trend in Roman architecture, and you see it happening here, in Rome, based on the experiments of Domitian’s Forum Transitorium. The scrolls would have been placed on those shelves, and then have cupboards in front of them. Caesar’s project required the acquisition of land at the flank of the Capitoline Hill and he was aided in this early on by political allies, including Cicero, with the initial land purchased at a cost of sixty million sesterces (Cic. Down below, again, the typical markets, with their attic windows above. Here we are looking at some of the columns from the Basilica that’s part of that forum, from the very well-preserved Column of Trajan. Imperial Fora. And that is actually the entrance — for anyone going to Rome over break, that’s actually the entrance to the Domus Aurea. Here we have it as a more integral part of the forum, and perpendicular to the main space here. ZOOM BIG: Forum of Trajan Location: views Patron: various marble etc Date: dedicated 112 AD Subject: views Image: 12766 Temple of Venus Genetrix (plan), Forum of Caesar. And he was also extremely wise when it came to his choice of the kinds of buildings that he wanted to put up, because he followed in the footsteps of Vespasian and Titus, by favoring major public architecture in Rome, and by eschewing private architecture. Many of the monuments of the Forum Romanum, along with ancient occupation levels, gradually disappeared from view. So that you could come out and look at the Column of Trajan, and read some of the scenes that encircled it. Column of Trajan scene of the suicide of Decebalus / Wikimedia Commons. So an incredible bathing establishment, and one that has taken us a step further in the evolution of imperial bath architecture in Rome, and will serve as the major model for the two most famous and much better preserved baths in Rome, and that is the Baths of Caracalla and the Baths of Diocletian, which we’ll look at later in the semester. This one probably was not used, for some reason; it was copied and never put up on the building, and so those points still remain. So his first commissions were building bridges–I’m going to show you a reference to one today–building bridges, or building forts and camps on Trajan’s military campaigns, and then using that expertise, ingratiating himself with the emperor, who sees that he is enormously talented–because Trajan participated in these campaigns himself–seeing how talented he was, and then putting him in charge of his building projects in Rome, which is really quite interesting. Carved in bas relief, the exquisite frieze carefully narrates Trajan’s campaigns and its level of detail is simply astounding. Addressing the problems of seasonal rains and flooding proved more challenging—the valley required a landfill project as well as the construction of a drainage canal to manage standing water. 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